Magnetic particle examination (MT) is a very popular, low-cost method to perform nondestructive examination (NDE) of ferromagnetic material. Ferromagnetic is defined in ASME Section V as "a term applied to materials that can be …

removal of sulfur. Therefore once these materials are pushed into the slag phase they may revert back into the steel. Phosphorus retention in the slag is a function of the bath temperature, the slag basicity and FeO levels in the slag. At higher temperature or low FeO levels, the phosphorus will revert from the slag back into the bath.

The hyperfine magnetic field (H) and the relative abundance (AR) compared to the global iron content in the slag. Table 2 Mössbauer parameters and distribution of magnetic and paramagnetic fractions from Mössbauer spectroscopy results of …

The ironmaking process in the blast furnace is a heat and mass transfer process, and the furnace can be divided into different zones according to physical and chemical state of the feed and temperature. Figure 1.1.5 illustrates various zones of the blast furnace and feed distribution and materials flow [13].Corresponding to each temperature interval, typical …

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel making or Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking (BOS) or Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren steelmaking or the oxygen converter process is a method in which both molten pig iron and steel scrap are converted into steel …

Integrated steel plants utilize mostly five materials such as raw materials, air, water, fuel and power to produce steel. During the production of steel, 2–4 t of wastes are being generated per tonne of steel produced.The various solid wastes in the form of slags and sludges that are emerged from steel plants are blast furnace slag, blast furnace flue dust and sludge, …

Surface magnetic field strengths for high-intensity magnetic separators are generally between 10,000 and 20,000 G, for low-intensity magnetic separators are between 1000 and 3000 G, and for medium-intensity magnetic separators are in between (EPA, 1994, Hopstock, 1985). Actual surface magnetic field strengths or intensities of existing slag ...

Basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) slag is the main problem at all iron and steel factories. About more than 6 million tons/year of BOF slag has been accumulated from the waste stockyards in Turkey.

The energy intensity of steelmaking1 has shown little change in the past few years. The steel sector is still highly reliant on coal, which meets 75% of its energy demand. The energy intensity of crude steel needs to decline by 0.2% annually during 2020‑2030 to attain the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario level.

The magnetic iron in the copper slag gradually transformed to fayalite, and the viscosity of the copper molten slag decreased as the magnetic iron content decreased during the reduction process.

and for quenching slag. In operations such as rolling steel in which the water comes into contact with the steel being processed, better quality water is used, although water containing as much as 3,410 ppm dissolved solids has been used for this purpose. Treatment of water for use in the iron and steel industry was not widely practiced.

Formation of magnetization ( M) by alignment of magnetic domains in the external magnetic field ( H) However, a demagnetized metal can be magnetized at any time by: a magnetic field of sufficiently high intensity. transformation in the crystalline …

Using steel slag and two types of (soft and hard) iron slags, ten samples were prepared. Different gamma radiation interaction parameters were computed theoretically and measured experimentally at different energies: 60 keV, 136 …

The higher the number, the better the shield. Low carbon steels have a Permeability of 1000 - 3000, while MuMetal can have values as high as 300,000 - 400,000. The saturation point is the flux density at which the material can not …

Concentrating the chromium in chromium slag and improving the chromium–iron ratio is beneficial for the further utilization of chromium slag. In this paper, chromium slag obtained from a chromite lime-free roasting plant was used as the raw material. Pellets made of the chromium slag and pulverized coal were reduced at different pre-reduction temperatures and then …

Magnetic Flux Density • Relation between magnetic field intensity H and magnetic field density B (measured in Tesla): where is μ r is the relative permeability of the medium (unit-less), is μ o is the permeability of free space (4πx10-7 H/m). B PH ( P r P 0) H

A metal shell is used to make the closed-loop magnetic circuit to increase the uniformity and intensity of the magnetic field inside the duct of the thruster. For a rectangular cross-section, the Lorentz force (F L ) obtained due to the interaction of the orthogonal magnetic field (B) and electric field density (J) is given by: 15 15.

Steel-making processes. Steel is made by the Bessemer, Siemens Open Hearth, basic oxygen furnace, electric arc, electric high-frequency and crucible processes. In both the Acid Bessemer and Basic Bessemer (or …

Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) slag, a product of hot metal element (e.g., Si, Mn, Fe, P) oxidation and flux (e.g. lime, dolomite) dissolution, plays a critical role in the production of high-quality crude steel, although its behavior inside the BOS vessel (formation and reaction with metal droplets and gas) is still not clear and its recycling has always been challenging.

Using steel slag and two types of (soft and hard) iron slags, ten samples were prepared. Different gamma radiation interaction parameters were computed …

Steelmaking slags are usually processed for iron recovery by dry magnetic separation. The recovered iron-rich products are recycled back into the ironmaking and steelmaking processes to replace high-cost steel scrap and iron ores. However, current slag processing is far away from optimum conditions, especially for slag fines with small particle …

Each year, approximately fifty millions tons of steel slag is produced worldwide—more than ten million tons of which is produced in Europe [].In the particular case of stainless steel slag (SSS) represents around one third of its production weight, which suggests that a considerable quantity of this by-product is generated annually [].Due to this fact, and the …

Samarco Mineracao S.A. (Samarco) is a non-operated joint venture iron ore operation. BHP Billiton Brasil and Vale each hold a 50% shareholding in Samarco. Following the Fundão dam failure in 2015, operations at the iron ore operation have resumed without the need of tailings dams and with a new, safer filtration system.

The magnetic field intensity B is a measure of flux density at a point. Given a point P in some magnetic field R, let us pass a plane D through P perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field at point P. Then the magnetic field intensity B at P is a …

It is convenient to adjust the magnetic field intensity, belt speed, suspension height and angle of the belt magnetic separator to adapt steel slag with different grain size, grade and moisture content, so the belt magnetic separator becomes the core magnetic separation equipment for the secondary treatment of steel slag.

The iron element in electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is extremely difficult to recycle due to the low specific magnetic susceptibility of the RO phase (a solid solution of FeO, MgO, CaO, and MnO). Landfilling EAF slag is strictly forbidden for environmental consideration because of poisonous Cr6+ leaching. The original RO phase could be transformed to a spinel structure, …

Understanding the waste streams properties to reuse them. To achieve the 2 °C climate goal proposed in refs. 4,5, the iron and steel sector will need to reduce the emission intensity from 1.58 ...